Natureview Farm Case Free Essays

Natureview Farm Case Natureview Farm is a little yogurt maker with yearly incomes of $13 million. It produces three diverse size cups †8 oz. cup, 32 oz. We will compose a custom article test on Natureview Farm Case or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now furthermore, 4 oz. cup multipack. In any case, Natureview’s objective is to build its yearly income to $20 million of every two years. With a strong relationship with its current, effective procedure in the characteristic nourishments channel it is thinking about venturing into the store channel. On the other hand, it wouldn't like to hurt the organization brand it has made as an exceptional yogurt brand in the normal nourishments showcase and deceive those faithful, characteristic nourishments clients who made their business what it is today. For the situation, Natureview is thinking about three alternatives to extend its activities to arrive at its $20 million yearly objective: 1. Extend six SKUs of the 8-oz. product offering into a couple of chosen grocery stores. The purposes for this choice are: An) Eight-ounce cups speak to the biggest dollar and unit portion of the refrigerated yogurt advertise, giving noteworthy income potential. B) Other characteristic food brands had effectively extended their conveyance into the grocery store channel. As a main characteristic nourishments brand for yogurt, they can benefit from the developing pattern in normal and natural nourishments in grocery stores. C) A significant Natureview contender intends to venture into the general store channel. Grocery store retailers would likely just have one natural yogurt brand. In this way, there is a first-mover advantage. 2. Grow four SKUs of the 32-oz. size broadly. The purposes for this alternative are: A) Currently produced a better than expected gross net revenue for Natureview (43. 6% versus 36. 0% for the 8-oz. line). B) Fewer serious contributions in this size and Natureview had a solid upper hand in their product’s longer time span of usability. C) Although opening costs would be higher, limited time costs would be lower since the 32-oz. size was advanced just two times per year. 3. Present two SKUs of a children’s multi-pack into common nourishments channel. The explanations for this choice are: A) Company had solid associations with driving common food channel retailers, and venture into general store channel might endanger the relationship. B) Distribution targets were entirely feasible for the two SKUs. C) Gross benefit of the line would be 37. % while costs would be lower; very appealing. This choice may even return the most grounded benefit commitment of all techniques mulled over. D) Natural nourishments channel was growing multiple times quicker than the store channel. For every one of the choices gave over, these are the issues that should be experienced separately: 1. It has the most significant level of serious exchanging advancement and advertising spending. It would require quarterly exchange advancements and an importance promoting financial plan. It would likewise cost Natureview $1. M per district every year. Its SGA would likewise increment by $320,000 yearly. In this way, it would be an exorbitant methodology. Likewise, to accomplish its objective, Natureview expected to exploit its associations with the main 11 store retail chains in the Northeast and the best 9 chains in the West and involve larger part of the retail space. 2. The trouble was that new clients would not promptly â€Å"enter the brand† and embrace a multi-size item. Besides, to accomplish full national circulation inside a year it would be a troublesome assignment in of itself. Natureview would need to recruit more deals work force who had experience offering to increasingly advanced grocery store channels and build up associations with the general store representatives. This would expand SGA cost costs by $160,000. To add to the multifaceted nature of the choice, a contender was supposed to dispatch a line called Bright Vista, which would straightforwardly rival Natureview. Additionally, markets were thinking about propelling their own private-name variants of natural yogurt. Subsequently, propelling the 32-oz. has its issues of being less seen in a bunch of various items accessible. 3. Presenting the multi-packs requires RD and Operations costs. It likewise clashes with the exceptional brand situating it had endeavored to set up due to supermarkets’ accentuation on deals advancements and conflicting costs. There were likewise fears that Natureview’s advertising office was ill-equipped to deal with the requests on assets and staffing that entering the grocery store channel would force. General store merchants were more requesting in coordinations and innovation than what Natureview knew about. In any case, it is believed that soon, normal nourishments channel would set out on comparable requests. In the wake of evaluating all the other options and its issues and advantages, I found that moving into grocery stores could have both positive and negative repercussions. Abstaining to venture into markets could put Natureview at a serious impediment, considering there are gossipy tidbits about Natureview’s contenders venturing into grocery store channels. Grocery stores are conceivably a gigantic market for natural yogurt, considering 97% of all yogurts were bought through this channel and 46% of natural food buyers shop at general stores. Two regular food organizations have just entered general stores and in doing so have expanded their incomes by over 200%. Executing a first mover methodology would be urgent if this arrangement were to be actualized so as to pick up brand value from new customers who are progressing into the natural food showcase. Besides, in light of the fact that cost restrains 58% of customers from purchasing natural items, Natureview would need to execute a serious estimating procedure against non-natural yogurts. Be that as it may, the costs related with it (I. e. the exchange advancements and SGAs) are very costly to take in. The objective is to get an expansion in incomes by at any rate $7M. Expenses caused would be in any event $2. M every year simply venturing into two locales. In this manner, if Natureview would extend to every one of the four locales, they would bring about $5. 2M in simply promoting and SGAs. It is a serious costly methodology, particularly since there is the dread that your present clients may abandon your image and search for other people. You’ll be charging less per unit and you lo se the unmistakable brand esteem that’s related with your image, which is an excellent yogurt maker. Then again, my suggestion is present the multi-packs for kids. Your present 8-oz. item is a money dairy animals; leave it that way. The technique to grow is enter an item improvement procedure and utilize similar channels for conveyance. You’ve manufactured a solid relationship with characteristic food retailers; proceed with it by item separating. Execute the multi-packs as a possibility for customers in the common food retailers and keep on keeping the exceptional value brand situating. The exact opposite thing you need to do is enter a value war; in this way, keep a similar channel dispersion you are utilizing however rather, present new items through item separation. Step by step instructions to refer to Natureview Farm Case, Essay models

The Power Of Voice English Literature Essay

The Power Of Voice English Literature Essay The book Their Eyes Were Watching God follows the account of Janie Crawford. It is a story not just of the principle characters scan for uniqueness, however her quest for her very own voice, and a departure from man centric figures of her time. Since she lives in male ruled society, her voice is frequently avoided and not acknowledged, yet she discovers method of by one way or another dodge the considering such a general public and some way or another cause her voice to be heard. Voice is an apparatus, explanatory and abstract, and is in itself exceptionally ground-breaking. It was an ideal opportunity to hear things and talk. These sitters had been tongueless, earless, eyeless comforts throughout the day. Donkeys and different beasts had involved their skinsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..They became rulers of sounds and lesser things. They went countries through their mouths. They sat in judgment. (Neale Hurston 29-30) Hurston utilizes the folkloric image of the donkey to uncover the manners by which the African-American individuals can be dehumanized and quieted by society. Individuals are contrasted with creatures, donkeys, which are viewed as the beasts everything being equal. The laborers, had consistently been tongue less, never got an opportunity to talk their own psyche, and along these lines they had no voice and wont in the event that they keep on being dealt with the manner in which they are. Hurston, as an illuminating account awareness, utilizes interiority in Their Eyes to portray the individuals who are quiet and come up short on their own voices, just as to add measurement to those with voices. (Racine 283) Racine communicates how Hurston chose to expound on how a few people possessed a voice, while others were denied from it, and were not permitted to communicate who they really were. This is demonstrated, as in the story, Janies grandma was conceived during bondage, dark individuals or African Americans, didn't have any voice whatsoever, her grandma consistently needed to deliver an extraordinary discourse, yet nobody would tune in, and despite the fact that she made Janie wed excessively youthful, she had consistently needed Janie to have the option to talk and have individuals tune in. However it isn't so natural, as when the town of Eatonville asks Janie to give a discourse, Joe, her significant other says that since she is a lady she doesnt know anything about creation addresses and doesnt permit her to talk quieting her voice. Thusly, every one of her admirations and expectations are disintegrated somewhere near the determ ination of one man. The years removed all the battle from Janies face. For some time she thought it was gone from her spirit. Regardless of what Jody did, she didn't utter a word. She had figured out how to talk a few and leave a few. She was a groove in the street. A lot of life underneath the surface yet it was held thumped by the wheels. (Neale Hurston 108). This is another case of voice, as Janie can't convey and feels detached, she considers herself to be the groove in the street.. All the existence she had aimed for had been taken from her and covered up, she was unable to see it, nor experience it. Her marriage declines and intensifies, and she talks less and less without fail. Another expression that speaks to the goals of having a voice is appeared on part 8 of the book, She recollected and forward about what had occurred in the thinking about a voice out of a man. (Neale Hurston 119). Joe thinks he has become a major voice, and subsequently he feels that makes him significant, however he focuses such a great amount on that voice that he overlooks others have voices also, and in this manner he loses all that he has, including his heart and mankind. Joe was a man, a man wherein Janie had discovered a spouse, yet his voice became disintegrated and irreverence, and the voice that had one described him was the one that took from him such was acceptable. We have all felt stifled at some phase during our lives, as though we can't talk or to be tuned in, yet at long last, we discover what our identity is and the voice we have and share with others. We as a whole locate that one second wherein we accomplish triumph over persecution and in the book Janie at long last discovers it toward the end, with her voice being free and ready to speak to what her identity is. Our voice causes us and what we to do with it will affect what we may become later on. Works Cited Page Neale Hurston, Zora. Their Eyes Were Watching God. J.B. Lippincott, 1937. Print. Racine, Maria J. . African American Review. Trans. Array1994. 283. Print.

Ideate, Model, TEST! A long, behind-the-scenes look at 2.009

Ideate, Model, TEST! A long, behind-the-scenes look at 2.009 Clockwise from top right: sketch model review, sketch model review (on a real stall), mockup review, final alpha prototype on stage. Top left photo by John Chow. End-of-the-semester class presentations are usually pretty dry events. Busy PowerPoint slides, droning presenters excitement, magic and this made me want to switch majors arent phrases often heard in the audience. Then again, most class presentations dont involve a live band, an audience of 3300, and an overall class budget of a half million dollars. Under the tutelage of Professor David Wallace, MITs senior capstone mechanical engineering product design class (known as 2.009) has steadily grown into a huge spectacle that attracts audience members from around the globe. Its the closest thing youll find at MIT to the campus spirit-unifying atmosphere of a football game. Over the course of the 3+ hour event, 8 teams reveal the products theyve been working on over the semester. But while the presentations are exceptionally polished, with massive props and huge numbers of support staff behind the scenes (one presentation this year involved two people rappelling from the ceiling of the auditorium; my teams involved a real toilet on stage), the products dont start out that way. The theme of this years presentation was magic, but it wasnt magic that created these products it was engineering, design, and good old-fashioned hard work. While a product is a very tangible thing, every product starts out as an idea. And ideas are decidedly less tangible theyre fuzzy, often hard to express, and even harder to convey convincingly to others. The difference between a great idea and a lousy idea isnt always clear when youre just verbally discussing it. Some people are better at being louder in meetings, at expressing their ideas first; this has little correlation with which ideas are actually good. But this process of structured ideation is incredibly important, because its these early design decisions that drive months of work. Its one of my favorite things about product design every tangible thing starts off as a conversation, as a thought. Its the reason why 2.009 is called Product Engineering Process, with an emphasis on Process: roughly half the class is spent on the process of generating and mocking up ideas, with only the last month focusing on building up an alpha prototype of one particular idea. Apples head designer Jony Ive recently described many university design programs as tragic because so many of the designers that we interview dont know how to make stuff, because workshops in design schools are expensive and computers are cheaper. He added that students were being taught to use computer programs to make renderings that could make a dreadful design look really palatable. A photo from the Build Challenge. Students sketched out ideas, which were then converted to kits and assembled by students in an hour. The spirit of 2.009 couldnt be farther from that of the design programs that Jony disparaged. 2.009s motto is Ideate, Model, Test. Even though Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software is ubiquitous these days in mechanical engineering courses, a huge focus of 2.009 is trying to prove out ideas as quickly as possible. Often, making a computer 3D model isnt the best way to start an idea. Instead, fast and low-fidelity mockups (like rough cutting blocks of foam, or using quick-fabrication methods like laser cutting) can be better ways for exploring ideas. Its not cheap to have such a big focus on physical models (one early build challenge cost $20k alone), but its the right way to teach the product design process. At the beginning of the semester, students start with primitive sketch models to pitch their ideas. As ideas get cut and refined, so too do the manufacturing processes. 3D printers, waterjet cutters, CNC mills, thermoforming chambers few manufacturing processes are inaccessible to students. A quick, functioning prototype for a foam wire cutter. Mocked up in 5 minutes. Each team of 20 students gets a budget of $6500 for the three months of 2.009. Most teams will use all of this budget, and more. The biggest cost isnt monetary, but in person-hours; students will regularly pull all-nighters and stay in lab til 3am (or later) before major deadlines throughout the semester. One students only sleep in 2 days was 45 minutes lying in the back of an ATV in a drafty loading dock. 3 weeks before final presentations The hours take their toll, but theyre also reflected in the prototypes. Earlier on in the semester, my teams sketch model, conceived and built in less than 24 hours, wowed reviewers with its laser cut acrylic parts, high degree of fit and finish, and working sensors. Purple is the only morning lab section, and we joke that were the tryhard team. Perhaps coincidentally, in the course cartoon video the Purple team is caricatured with a nerdy glasses-wearing rabbit. For the Technical Review, however, were in decidedly worse shape. Its 1 hour until instructors will be coming by to examine the prototype of our self-opening and locking restroom door, and nothing is working. The team has split into several subteams: locking, opening, sensors, and enclosure. While the mechanisms are all machined and laser cut, and the laser cut enclosure looks great, the sensors are glitching. Two of our teams stronger coders sit with brows furrowed next to the door. After an hour of debugging, theyre still not sure what is causing the microcontroller to intermittently shut itself off and restart. But theres no time left the first round of reviewers is heading in. Were forced to explain our progress so far without an actual working prototype, and the first round of reviews is disappointing. By the second round of reviewers, weve identified the problem the motor for the opening mechanism is drawing too much current, causing the current to the Arduino to briefly drop, leading to a reset. The solution plugging the Arduino into a laptop during the demonstration isnt ideal. A huge amount of work had gone into making sure the device could be battery-powered and compact. But having something to show is at least better than having nothing but words. The prototype at least shows the mechanical progress and sensing progress that the team has made over the past two weeks. Clockwise from top left: a small prayer before we close up the enclosure; the laser cut enclosure, in front of several failed laser cutting attempts that took me at least 6 hours to oversee; Josh B. and Sally M., working on the tech review model before reviewers come; our full tech review model. The next few rounds of reviewers go much better. Having a working prototype makes all the difference, and Purples presenters refine their pitches and explanations as they get more practice. One reviewers comment that why havent you patented this yet? reinvigorates the team just as energy is starting to dip. By 11pm, the reviewers are finally all gone. The few stragglers from Purple team finish up cleaning up the lab space, and head home. Its time to sleep. 3 days until final presentations Purples presentation team is meeting in the fishbowl lounge, which is what we affectionately call3-144. We have three presenters (Jarrod, Sally, and Camilo), and three additional question answerers (me, Sophia, Eric). Were preparing our presentation quite differently from other teams. Most teams have presenters working on their own slides, writing their own scripts, then trying to integrate at the end. Instead, Im essentially directing the presentation making the whole slide deck, writing the script, and trying to coordinate across our presenters very different styles. The goal is to have a very unified slide deck with a clear and coherent structure. In fact, Im aiming to not have our presenters use clickers to advance slides on stage; someone backstage will have memorized the script and transitions so well that there will be no need for presenters to change slides themselves. Thats the idea, at least. Things dont go great in our first runthrough in front of lab instructors. The main source of friction is between myself and a presenter; we each have strong, clear ideas of what an effective presentation should be like. On the presentation spectrum of conversational to showman, Im decidedly in the former camp and he is decidely in the latter camp. Things get heated. Voices are raised. We decide to adjourn the meeting and cool off for a bit. 1 day until final presentations The presentation team is doing much better. Weve unified on a script, and drawn the best elements from different peoples respective styles. While we still have a lot of rehearsal to do, were definitely on the right track. Presentation practice in an empty classroom. One thing Im proud of is that we spend a lot of time getting details right. For example, our product explosions are unparalleled by any other teams, and thats because we spend a lot of effort on them. SolidWorks is capable of generating exploding animations, but the motions arent up to my standards of smoothness; additionally, using a SolidWorks animation gives us less control on timing. So instead, I have Eric (our SolidWorks professional) generate high-DPI images of each individual part each bevel gear, each motor, each aluminum plate. I remove the backgrounds on the images and painstakingly stitch them together in Keynote, until they match the correct part positions in SolidWorks. Then, using Keynotes Magic Move feature, I explode each part to a subsequent slide. It takes an insane amount of time relative to the effort it takes to generate a quick SolidWorks animation. But to me, its not about doing whats fast, its about doing whats right. The whole team spent hours and hours designing and fabricating our product, and Im not about to present it in a shoddy way in front of 3300 people. I think the results are well worth it: We nicknamed this the Iron Man reverse explosion. #touchless #009mit #009purple #mechE #MIT A video posted by Michael Cheung (@m_cheung_) on Dec 9, 2015 at 9:06pm PST The actual prototype, on the other hand, is in a minor crisis. All of the individual components are built and (mostly assembled), but the whole product hasnt been integrated yet. Which means that there are less than 24 hours to go and we still dont have a product to demo. Sometime around 4am, someone Slacks out a video of the prototype working. We cheer. Everything is finally coming together. 5 hours before final presentations Everything is not coming together. Were seeing our board intermittently resetting again. It seems like the same issue we had with the Arduino during Tech Review, 3 weeks ago. Except that this time, plugging our product into a laptop is not an option. Josh hasnt properly slept in around a week. The problem seems to be that were running off just the controller on our PCB, which has no power regulator; when the opening motor operates were seeing a current drop again. The quick hack is to add a complete Arduino, which has a power regulator, in series before our board is connected to power. This keeps the current steady to the board, and it seems to fix the problem. Crisis averted. For now. 1 minute before final presentations Camilo, Jarrod, and Sally have missed almost all of the previous teams presentations because theyre backstage trying to test our product as many times as possible. Im told that its worked 60 times in a row. Theres really nothing we could change now anyway. 3, 2, 1, go. As Jarrod begins the live demo, I think I can hear Purple Team collectively holding its breath. Sally walks through the door, turns around and IT CLOSES AND LOCKS!!!! The Purple section of the auditorium doesnt cheer, it roars. Im pretty sure I can distinctly hear Max in that cacophony of noise. In fact, were able to demonstrate the product working 3 times live during our presentation, which is pretty uncommon for a 2.009 demo, and especially important for a product that absolutely needs to be reliable. 2.009 photos by John Chow During the QA session, I get a question that involves poop. Or at least my answer involves poop. My phone blows up with approximately 34283 poop emoji texts. Andthats it! Its surreal that 2.009 is over. I still remember attending 2.009 as a freshman, then a sophomore, then a junior thinking that I couldnt wait until it was my turn. It was incredible actually being on stage when the confetti fell. Good luck, future Course 2s. I cant wait to see what you build. Post Tagged #2.009

Charless Law Definition in Chemistry

Charless law is a gas law that states gases expand when heated. The law is also known as the law of volumes. The law takes its name from French scientist and inventor Jacques Charles, who formulated it in the 1780s. Charless Law  Definition Charless Law is an ideal gas law where at constant pressure, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. The simplest statement of the law is: V/T k where V is volume, T is absolute temperature, and k is a constantVi/Ti Vf/TfwhereVi initial pressureTi initial temperatureVf final pressureTf final temperature Charless Law and Absolute Zero If the law is taken to its natural conclusion, it appears the volume of a gas approaches zero and its temperature nears absolute zero. Gay-Lussac explained this could only be true if the gas continued to behave as an ideal gas, which it was not. Like other ideal gas laws, Charless law works best when applied to gases under normal conditions.

Reflecting on Why the Roman Empire was Great Essay

As one reflects back on history Rome is an empire that stands out for its greatness, however many question on how and what caused them to have this greatness, was it the leaders, its location on earth, its military or was it the ability to change. It could be assumed that is the leadership that passed through Roman history that made it great but a greater question is are these leaders great through pedigree and lineage or was it by accountability. Rome was a land that started with kings moved to a senate and ended with emperors. Emperors could gain power through war or money and family legacy. This was seen throughout Roman history, however the successfulness of such emperors was just as fluid as how they gained power. There is one†¦show more content†¦Hadrian was a friend of literature and art and unlike his father he felt that the people were and should be the priority and the military was just something to be maintained. Hadrian ruled the emperor with the understanding that his role was to civilize his subject, and reverted back to the policies of Augustus to improve the empire rather than to enlarge it. Hadrian varied from many other emperors because he took time to visit all the provinces and was capable of compassion and empathy. Hadrian was succeeded by his adopted son Antoninus as the fourth of great emperor in this era. Antoninus reign was one that for all intent historical purposes was quiet and very uneventful. He was not the great statesman like his father but he was able to maintain the empire in the state of peace and prosperity that it had been enjoying. Antoninus was the emperor of Rome when the government reached its highest development. The government of Rome during this time was and is the best example of a â€Å"paternal autocracy† which is a government in the hands of a single ruler but exercised solely for the benefit of the people. Antoninus was looked at as the embodiment of the state, the personification of law, and the promoter of justice, equality and domestic peace. The last emperor of this era was Marcus Aurelius, theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women During The Han Dynasty And The Roman Empire1139 Words   |  5 Pageswomen in both the the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire women was ambiguous. The Han Dynasty ruled from 206 BCE–220 CE. Much later came the Roman Empire, which lasted from 27 CE-476 CE. In these civilizations, elite women were treated very differently than men because of their gender. Women had limited political freedom, their marriages were not loving partnerships, and women’s social expectations oppressed them. 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Linear correlation coefficient and linear regression principles Free Essays

Flouris, Metsios and Koutedakis (2006) studied the contribution of muscular strength in cardio-respiratory fitness tests, which are multistage shuttle run test (MSR), square shuttle run test (SSR) and maximal laboratory treadmill test (MT). The last minutes of an endurance race depended on muscular strength and anaerobic power. There however has no study yet on how lower extremity muscular strength performed in cardio respiratory fitness tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Linear correlation coefficient and linear regression principles or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of muscular strength independent using MT, MSR, and SSR. The participants of the study were thirty-eight healthy male individuals aged between 18 and 29 years old. To qualify for healthy individuals, those who smoke and hard benign medical history, were excluded from the study. Participants visit the data collection sites individually on three different occasions phased with a minimum of 96 hours between assessments. All these three assessments were done within two weeks. Time of assessment was between late morning and early afternoon. The first visit was for laboratory assessments: 1) progressive maximal laboratory treadmill test (MT) to exhaustion, where maximal attained speed (MAS) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) were measured, and 2) isokinetic dynamometry, where measures of concentric peak torques of knee extensors (PTEX) and flexors (PTFL) and combined torque generated by both legs (PTC) were obtained. The remaining visits were for the field assessments of 20 meter multistage shuttle run test (MSR) and 20 meter square shuttle run test (SSR), where for each test the maximal attainment speed was measured. The linear regression analysis used in the square shuttle run test (SSR) was the equation: MASMSR = PTEX + PTFL + PTC. The beta-coefficients derived through the regression analysis however were not reported. From the isokinetic dynamometry measures, only combined peak torques of both legs had significant R2 increase, which was 0.04. This means that combined peak torques of both legs explained four percent of the variation in the data for maximal attained speed while performing the square shuttle run test. The relationship between MASMSR and PTFL was found to be highly positive, r(38)=0.58, p0.001. This means that the more the knees flexed the higher the individual attains greater speed in performing the multi-stage shuttle run test, and the higher the maximal speed attained the more knees flexed. The two variables affect each other without determining the causal factor among the two. The relationship between MASMSR and PTEX was found too to be highly positive, r(38)=0.53, p0.001. This means that the more the knees extends, the higher the individual attains greater speed in performing the multi-stage shuttle run test, and the higher the maximal speed attained the more knees extended. There was no much difference in these correlations. This may be explained by the fact that the more the knees flexed, the more the knees extended to compensate for the previous action, and the more knees extended, the more the knees flexed. This vicious cycle of effect on each other when taken together in a series of actions would result to a high speed running. This explains altogether the relationship of MASMSR and PTFL and MASMSR and PTEX. The maximal attained speed (MAS) of the three cardio-respiratory tests (MT, MSR, SSR), MASMT was found to be most highly positive with MTVO2MAX, r(38)=0.94, p0.001. This means that the greater the maximal speed attained in performing the treadmill test, the greater the uptake of oxygen. Taking in oxygen was rather a compensatory reaction mechanism of the body subjected to physical stress such as running a treadmill. There may however be possible autocorrelation in MTVO2MAX and MASMT since the variables were taken in the same occasion, compared to measures taken in the multi-stage shuttle run test and square shuttle run test. This explains a very high correlation between the two variables. The average oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) measured in MT was between 41 and 53.4 mL/kg/min compared to as measured in MSR (46.4, 58) and SSR (41.8, 51.6). This means that the oxygen uptake when in progressive maximal laboratory treadmill was in lesser amount compared to when the individual was in multi-stage shuttle run test, although this oxygen uptake was in pace with the maximum attained speed. The y-intercept value and the x-value for MASMSR cannot be determined from the literature although it can be said that the slope or y-intercept was significantly not equal to zero, since all isokinetic dynamometry measures were highly related to maximal attained speed in multistage shuttle run test. The researchers further noted that the beta-coefficients for this linear regression equation was rather â€Å"markedly low† but the figures were not reported, since the researcher limited its study in establishing effects of the isokinetric dynamometry variables on the maximal attained speed (MAS) in multistage shuttle run test and not on predicting MAS. The study did not report the regression equation thus the maximal attained speed cannot be predicted using known values of the isokinetic dynamometry variables. The full use of the regression analysis was therefore not maximized. Further, its taking account of the Coefficient of Determination (R2) only gave the increase of variation for a variable. Although this may be sufficient but the full information needed to make exhaustive analysis of the data was not readily available. Thus, verification of the results, as maybe done by other researcher in the field, cannot be done. The study implies on the incorporation of resistance regimens in the runner’s training. Regimens may include activities MSR since the activity stimulates knee extensor and knee flexor, which helped in increasing maximal attained speed of the runner. References Flouris, A.D. Metsios, G.S., Koutedakis, Y. (2006). Contribution of muscular strength in cardio-respiratory fitness tests. J. Sports med phys fitness, 46(2), 197-201.    How to cite Linear correlation coefficient and linear regression principles, Essay examples

Management Accounting Refers Processes †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How Management Accounting Does Refers To The Processes? Answer: Introduction In this report, analysis of management accounting system has been undertaken. Management accounting is vast field of knowledge that includes various concepts that can be used in the business decision making. In this report various types of concepts related to management accounting system and how they can be used in decision making process has been undertaken. In this report, capability of management information system in terms of providing information to various level of managers has been discussed. This report includes the discussion on customer and shareholders value enhancement. Concept of management accounting Management accounting is the field of study under which accountants or financial managers of the business organization uses decision making or some useful information. Useful information includes information related to business operations, business processes and business performance that can be used in the decision making process. Management accounting is separate field from financial management and cost management, which uses information, created or generated by both financial management and cost management (Adebayo, 2011). Main aim of management accounting is to generate information that can be applied or used by managers to improve efficiency of business processes. Ultimately lead towards efficiently achievement of organizational goals and objectives. With reference to the above statement, identify and describe major processes and techniques that the management accounting system uses to gather organizational information required by internal managers. Management accounting system: In order to analyze effectiveness and efficiency of management accounting, its tools and techniques shall be understood. Management accounting system refers to management system, which of this system managers and management generate useful information and can be used in decision making process (Mohsen, Habib Farideh, 2011). There are various tools and techniques of management accounting that can be used or employ by the internal manager of the business organization to generate useful or decision making information. Following are some tools of management accounting: Financial statement analysis: Analysis of financial statements is the most widely used tool or technique of management accounting that is used for the analysis of financial statements of the business organization. Financial statements include income statement, statement of financial position, statement of cash flow and statement of change in equity. Internal managers of the business organization are required to take decisions related to business operations and for the same some information is required. Analysis of financial statements provides information related to profitability, solvency position, efficiency of business operations and liquidity in the working capital (Bol, Kramer Maas, 2016). Therefore on the basis of information generated by financial statements analysis, internal manager take business decisions. Budgetary control: Budgetary control is the technique or tool of management accounting sunder which various budgets are prepared for future course of activities. Budgetary control is the process of preparing and approving budgets from management for further processing. Budgets are most valuable technique of management accounting which is used by internal managers for controlling and managing business operations (Daniel, Senarath Steven, 2014). Budgets can be prepared for sales, purchase, expenses and other functional areas of business entity and will assist and support decision making process of managers or management. Decision accounting: Decision accounting can be define as that branch of accounting, under which some useful information is generated and analyzed by managers in decision making process. This technique of management accounting system is used to analyze different situation in the business operations and calculate and profit under each situation. Managers of the business organization will be available with useful information and they can use same in decision making process (Zoni, Dossi Morelli, 2012). Explain how management accounting information system helps managers to use organizational resources efficiently and effectively. Management accounting system supports business organization in development / formulation and implementation of strategies or business strategic plans. For successful development or formulation of business strategies, organization requires data and useful information. In management accounting system there are many techniques that can be used to generate decision-making information in terms of managing and controlling various resources of business organization. Management accounting system has the ability to generate information related to each and every aspect of the business organization (Roodposhti, Nikoomaram Mohammad, 2012). By applying techniques and tools of management accounting, internal managers will be able to analyze and evaluate deficiency or problem areas. In order to overcome such situation or make improvement in business operations, managers are required to develop strategic plan that will lead assist manager. With the help of management accounting system future course of activities are known in advance with the help budgetary control technique. This will enable internal manager of different sections or different functional areas to analyses requirement of resources required to achieve budgeted target. Resources can be various types i.e. financial resources, operational resources, workers / employee, etc. Therefore with the help of management accounting system, manager can analyze resource requirement and then can assign tasks to specific resources (Mawali, 2013). Management accounting system also support internal manager of the business organization to manage and improve efficiency of various resources used in the business operations. With the virtue of management accounting system, manager can set standards for various business operations. In other words, benchmarking technique can be used in the business operations that will assist internal manager to control and provide direction to various resources of the business organization. Variance analysis of management accounting system shall be used here to manage and improve efficient and effectiveness of the business operations. Critically analyse how organizational managers information needs are diverse, and explain the way that contemporary management accounting system meets these diverse information needs of internal managers. 320 words. In assessing information need of managers, firstly understanding of different level of management is required. There are three level of management i.e. strategic level, middle level and lower level management. Each level of management requires different information for taking decisions for betterment of business operation and lead towards achievement of organizational objectives. Following are information need of managers at different levels and how management accounting system is used to meet information need at each level: Strategic level management: Managers or management at this level requires information to formulate and develop business strategies, define organizational goals, interaction with external environment and many other aspects are examined by top management level. Strategic level managers require more of external environmental information that can be used in developing strategies. Information like economic condition, inflation rate, interest rate, availability of finance etc is required by at the strategic level of management (Hammad, Ruzita Imam, 2013). Management accounting system provides information of level of business operations, capacity of business operations, financial performance and position of organization (ratio analysis), level of capacity to be achieved, state of available resources with the organization, etc are some decision making information that management accounting system provided to top management. Middle level management: These managers are associated or indulge in the activities related to panning sub plans, controlling business operations, managing workforce and many other tasks. Middle level management requires information related to resources required to implement business strategic plan (formulated by top management), available financial and operational resources, human resource management information, financial resource management information, etc. Management accounting system is used for the purpose of satisfying information need of middle level management by facilitating them with by providing information related to cost of sales and profitability level (Gillingham, 2015). Managers at middle level can generate decision useful information in terms of performance of each resource. With these information middle level managers is able to take decisions. Lower or operational level management: At this level of management, employees or workers do not require much information. This level of management, employees or workers is not delegated with the authority of decision making. Therefore at this level, information from management accounting system is not required as compared to other two levels of management (Generational diversity: What nurse managers need to know, 2013). Day to day information from management accounting system is required at this level like level of stock, cash balance, reporting issues, budgets to be implemented, reports generated by management accounting system in terms of performance, benchmarking done with the use of management accounting system, etc. Describe what is meant by enhanced customer value and shareholder value, and explain why many companies believe that improved customer value and shareholder value is important. Customer value: Customer value in the decision making process can be define as the process that customers of the business organization uses to analyze and evaluate benefit of purchasing decision against cost of product or services. In terms of customers, price of product and effectives in terms of services is the decision making factor. But for business organization, in order to enhance customer value, various areas are to be analyzed and evaluate in terms of change (Aparna, 2012). In modern business practices customer involvement and customer value creation is important in order to retain customers. Enhancing customer value is the primary requirement of business organization, customers is the only source of revenue for the business organization. Unsatisfied customer will directly impact sales revenue and this will ultimately results in low profitability and higher expenditure. For business organization enhanced customer value can lead to brand development or enhanced goodwill among market place (Kim, Cavusgil Cavusgil, 2013). Shareholder value: Shareholders value is the concept under which value to each shareholder has been provided. It is management ability and efficiency that provide value to shareholders. Value is intangible phenomena but impact of same can be assessed. A shareholder value is largely depends on business performance of business organization and strategic decisions that management takes (Hall, 2016). Shareholders value can reflect in share price or price of share can be used as to decide whether value is created or not. Shareholder value impacts goodwill of the business organization. Shareholders are main investors in the business organization that support business activities. Therefore retention and development of shareholders through value creation is required. In modern market place, there are various options for investor or prospective shareholders to invest in. Therefore business organization needs to enhance shareholders value so as to retain and attract new investors (Narang Kaur , 2014). Using examples from the annual report of a selected listed company outline how managers of that company improve customer value and shareholders value. Qantas Airline limited is the business organisation that has been selected for this task. Qantas Airline limited is Airline Company engaged in providing services of airlines to their customers. Managers and management has to create customer value and shareholder value so as operate business operations smoothly. Following are some decisions by which manager can maintain customer value and shareholder value: Customer value creation: By providing quality products or in case of Qantas Airline limited services to the customers, can create value or enhance customer value. Creation of win-win price of service by Qantas limited is another value creation technique can be of offering low price to customers by lowering profit margins (Zhang Liu, 2017). Undertaken customer analysis technique and identify most loyal and valuable customer and develop specific strategies for them. Shareholder value creation: It can be achieved by providing constant dividends to shareholders. Business organisation is required to generate highest level of sales revenues and ultimately earn adequate profits for shareholders (Gong, 2011). Earnings per share and economic profits are two base for enhancing value for the shareholders. Conclusion It can be concluded that management accounting system is required at each and every stage of business operations of business entity. Ratio analysis, budgetary control and decision accounting are techniques or tools of management accounting system. Management accounting system can be used at all three levels of management i.e. strategic, middle and operational level. Managers at every level require information for decision making. Theses information can be internal information or external information and this can achieved through management accounting system. Customer and shareholder value enhancement is required to be achieved by the business organisation to retain customers and investors. References Adebayo Agbejule. (2011). Organizational culture and performance: The role of management accounting system. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 12(1), 74-89. Aparna Shanker. (2012). A Customer Value Creation Framework for Businesses That Generate Revenue with Open Source Software. Technology Innovation Management Review, (March 2012: Technology Entrepreneurship), 18-22. Bol, J., Kramer, S., Maas, V. (2016). How control system design affects performance evaluation compression: The role of information accuracy and outcome transparency. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 51, 64. Daniel Watts, P.W. Senarath Yapa, Steven Dellaportas. (2014). The Case of a Newly Implemented Modern Management Accounting System in a Multinational Manufacturing Company. Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 8(2), 121-137. F.Rahnamay Roodposhti, H.Nikoomaram, Mohammad Mahmoodi. (2012). Management Accounting Information System based on Decision Support and Business Intelligence on ROI and ROE. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2(5), 730-738. Generational diversity: What nurse managers need to know.(Report). (2013). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(3), 717-725. Gillingham, P. (2015). Electronic Information Systems and Human Service Organizations: The Needs of Managers. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership Governance, 1-11. Gong, James Jianxin. (2011). Examining shareholder value creation over CEO tenure: A new approach to testing effectiveness of executive compensation.(Report). Journal of Management Accounting Research, 23, 1. Hall, J. (2016). Industry-specific determinants of shareholder value creation. Studies in Economics and Finance, 33(2), 190-208. Kim, Daekwan, Cavusgil, S. Tamer, Cavusgil, Erin. (2013). Does IT alignment between supply chain partners enhance customer value creation? An empirical investigation. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(6), 880-889. Mawali, H. (2013). Performance consequences of management accounting system information usage in Jordan. Business and Economic Horizons, 9(1), 22. Mohsen Bagherian, Habib Honari, Farideh Ashraf Ganjouei. (2011). A Comparative Study Of Sight Of Owners; Managers And Coaches Of Physical Fitness Centers In About Needs Total Management Information System. Electronic Physician, 3(3), 259. Narang, S., Kaur, M. (2014). Impact of Firm-specific Attributes on Shareholder Value Creation of Indian Companies: An Empirical Analysis. Global Business Review, 15(4), 847-866. Salah A. Hammad, Ruzita Jusoh, Imam Ghozali. (2013). Decentralization, perceived environmental uncertainty, managerial performance and management accounting system information in Egyptian hospitals. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 21(4), 314-330. Zhang, Guo, Hu, Liu. (2017). Influence of customer engagement with company social networks on stickiness: Mediating effect of customer value creation. International Journal of Information Management, 37(3), 229-240. Zoni, L., Dossi, A., Morelli, M. (2012). Management accounting system (MAS) change: Field evidence. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics, 19(1), 119-138.

Internet as General Addiction in Present Times an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Internet as General Addiction in Present Times Why is internet addiction on the rise? Internet has truly been regarded as the greatest innovation of the 21st century. It is used greatly and has been hailed for its cost-effectiveness, convenience and the uses and innumerable advantages. Need essay sample on "Internet as General Addiction in Present Times" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Communication Internet is the ultimate and the inevitable tool for communication and the meeting of people. Through the means of chatting and other instant messaging services as well as the use of the email system that includes the yahoo, msn, AOL and gmail and others. It allows people to make and maintain contacts with acquaintances and friends and also a means and an important way to form new friendships and contacts. The internet, therefore, is seen as a socialising tool by many. Apart from the instant messaging services and all, the internet now offers a variety of options in terms of social networking. Its a new phenomenon in the world of internet and has the ability to take the internet and the social world by storm and it has already done so to a large extent. The introduction of websites like orkut, multiply and hi five and the others of the same ilk has given life a new meaning. People now make friends on internet and talk to them there too. Social life has been limited to the internet. Online Earning Another means of internet usage is the availability and opportunities of earning online. People are now able to make money through online jobs such as the freelance writing and writing content for websites. Apart from the above-mentioned opportunities there are students that could be taught online and other such opportunities that are taken up by people due to the easy money they offer and the convenience that is present in the form of earning from home. Blogging and Social Activism and Expression Another present phenomenon is that of blogging. Blogs are personal diaries in which people can talk about any and everything. They could be based on a particular theme, for example, sports or could be general. Blogging is another reason why people are badly addicted and hooked onto the internet. It allows one to express oneself freely and thus, is highly popular amongst masses especially youth. Its important because its free and most people are devoid of an outlet to express their feelings and ideas. Social activism is another aspect of internet. Through blogs and websites such as CHOWK that allow interaction and discussion of ideas and serious political talk and analysis, its now possible to campaign for causes one feels passionate about. All the above-mentioned causes become great motivators for people to become addicted to the internet. But as any addiction has its accompanying disadvantages, so is the case with the internet. Internet addiction has been a cause of grave concern with sociologists, teachers, and social analysts and most importantly with parents. The excessive use of internet is likely to result in the loss of concentration and also inflicts some negative consequences also on the health like poor eyesight and back pains. Besides if children and/or teenagers are exposed to the kind of content on the internet that is not suitable and reasonable for their age, grave moral and social consequences shall follow. Children are said to become violent and have destructive tendencies if they are exposed to violent images and graphics which are rampant and abundant on the internet. Same is the case with the wide and easy availability of sexual images and content on the internet that are said to wreak havoc on the behavioural patterns and psychology of the children and young adults in the advices and opinions of the psychologists and psychiatrists and even cause destructive sexual tendencies in them. Reasons of Spread of Internet The changing societal set-up has given rise to the idea of internet addiction. The present times are such that everyone has multiple duties to perform. There is a dearth of time and people find it hard to juggle successfully their personal and professional lives. All of the hectic schedules leave little room and time for other activities of life such as socialising. Internet thus replaces real-life interaction because it is convenient and one does not have to make any special efforts to talk to people. On the other hand, the cost options are much better. Internet interaction and communication is free to a great extent. Its an awesome way to connect to people that live abroad and are hard to talk to in other ways. Besides internet is a great way to collect and gather information. Internet possesses great loads of information about almost all topics which is almost a click away in many cases or requires extremely little effort in comparison to other sources like books and libraries. It is also cost-effective and the existence of search engines such google and yahoo facilitates matters a great deal. All sorts of information is available that mainly helps and aids the students and scholars alike in their assignments and studies and in the ever-lasting pursuit and quest of information. Many leading universities of the world like Oxford, Cambridge and Princeton have their online libraries that have information and books that were otherwise present only in the libraries of their colleges and university campuses. Similarly many public libraries too have their online portals making it easier for students to manage their workload easily. There are numerous earning opportunities also available online and through outsourcing. it gets cheaper for the international companies due to costs and other benefits. The lifestyle coupled with the advantages of internet makes it into an addiction. Many are concerned because of that but there is cause not to as internet is a tool for useful interaction of ideas and has much to offer by way of academic knowledge. There are also e-books available online and that enhances internet utility. There are zillions of books available online free for both academic and non-academic topics. This greatly attracts and allures the students as well as the casual and occasional reader. Internet is an inevitable tool for communication and entertainment and slowly, it is turning into a force that cant be controlled. References ClickZ Internet Marketing Solutions for Marketers www.clickz.com Accessed, March 28 2007 Google Directory - Computers > Internet www.google.com/Top/Computers/Internet Accessed, March 28 2007 internet.com - the Internet and IT Network from Jupitermedia Corp. www.internet.com Accessed, March 28 2007 Internet Society (ISOC) www.isoc.org Accessed, March 28 2007 Internet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Accessed, March 28 2007 How Stuff Works - Learn how Everything Works! Howstuffworks.com Accessed, March 28 2007

Cells Cell Essay Example

Cells Cell Essay Example Cells Cell Essay Cells Cell Essay Cells Cells Cell division and cancer Victoria Brothwell Strayer University Cells Introduction Regular cells and cancel cells are extremely different. Depending on the cancer that one may have cancer cells have more chromosomes that are scattered which is for why cancer cells are formed. In cell division all living things obtain cells in which come from other preexisting cells. If normal cells are do not divide and make new cells then cancer will occur. In order of all cells to be the same as a parent the mitosis in a must. Mitosis is the separation of copied chromosomes into single cells. The problem with unregulated cell division is that most of the time this will lead to cancer. Only when DNA replication as well as mitosis is working the correct way then cell cycle cell points are insured. Cells Methods Cell division occurs when cells are dividing in order to produce new cells. I have compared the differences between cancer and good cell division to find out the process of division of all cells, this is also when I found that there are different more complicated chromosomes in cancer cells. One of the main problems with cancer cells comparing is the chance of tumor formation which leads to the invasion of cancerous cells. Another consequence is the cancer spreading to other organs. A tumor consists of a mass of cancer cells in the tissue. Usually an evasive tumor is malignant, causing cells to develop in the blood. Tumors invade growth that the tissue and organs need to survive. InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophasePercentage Of cells DividingPercentage Of cells at Rest Normal Lung1911%99% Cancerous Lung18112%98% Normal Stomach18112%98% Cancerous Stomach1421126%94% Normal Ovary18123%97% Cancerous Ovary1221238%92% 1. Based on your data and observations, what are some of the Differences between normal cells and cancer cells? With normal cells I have noticed that the chromosomes are more still that scattered, Cancer cells chromosomes are dividing and scattered a lot more. 2. Which type of cancer shows the most aggressive growth? Explain. I would have to say that cancerous ovary’s are more aggressive it has more scattered chromosomes being with the least still. 3. When studying cell division in tissue samples, scientists often calculate a mitotic index, which is the ratio of dividing cells to the total number of cells in the sample. Scientists often calculate the mitotic index to compare the growth rates of different types of tissue. Which type of tissue would have a higher mitotic index, normal tissue or cancerous tissue? Explain. Cancer cells you have more calculations with different cells in cancer. Cells Conclusion My conclusion is supported by my hypothesis even though I am talking more about tumor cancer I am explaining the difference about normal and cancerous cells. The differences is cells division is when they go according to plan they divide and create new cells and when they do not create new cells and divide it can cause cancer. The cancer cells have chromosomes scattered while normal cells have more still chromosomes that are dividing.

Supply Chain Management of Wal-Mart Way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supply Chain Management of Wal-Mart Way - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that in the highly competitive environment of global business, companies develop unique competencies to maintain strategic positioning within the industry. The various external paradigms and constantly changing environmental factors necessitate organizations to evolve new strategies and mechanisms to meet their challenges. Porter believes that doing business differently significantly helps companies to maintain leverage. Flexible approach to business strategies and plan hugely support organizational vision, mission and goals. Thus, strategies become critical element that promote creativity and provide them with competitive advantage. The paper would be analyzing and evaluating supply chain management of Wal-Mart US an effective tool of competitive advantage.This paper declares that  Wal-Mart was established by Sam Walton as a small grocery store in 1962 in Arkanas, US. It was soon expanded as chain of stores finally setting up as a supermarket chain . Its wide ranging product is designed to meet the various needs of household. It is focused on the changing needs of the customers and therefore strives for flexible approach in its strategies and plans. It started expansion across the globe from 1991 and today boasts of around 1.8 million associates or workers in nearly 7000 stores across the world. The company extensively relies on technology to enhance its operational efficiency that significantly helps its goals of ‘every day low price’ on its various products.... The company extensively relies on technology to enhance its operational efficiency that significantly helps its goals of ‘every day low price’ on its various products. As the largest retailer in the world, Wal-Mart has been creatively exploiting logistics and supply chain for its niche market position. The effective supply chain and logistics help coordinate the organization’s various linkages with the external agencies and promotes efficient receipt and delivery of goods and services. It has judiciously used advancing technology to improve its operation efficiency in supply and distribution of goods. Data collection method The relevant data has been collected through secondary sources found through literature review, company website and internet. Review on supply chain management Situation analysis Effective supply chain management hugely facilitates smooth flow of information, goods and services and financial transactions at different levels of operations. In th e current times, it is a critical element of competitive advantage because its main components like procurement, distribution, logistics and inventory are essential aspect of timely delivery of desired goods to the target segment. At the same time, they also help the companies to reduce cost of slow moving goods and meet the demands of products that are in high demand. The use of technology helps to evaluate and forecast demand and fill supply to meet the contingencies. The company has centralized its distribution system by creating ‘hubs’ or warehouses from where it dispatches all the goods to their respective customers/ retailers. The hubs are vital part of its effective supply chain as it also helps Wal-Mart to buy goods directly from the manufacturers. It therefore serves

Formative assignment - Organisational Culture Essay

Formative assignment - Organisational Culture - Essay Example The employees of the organization need to follow the rules and regulations in an effective way so as to maintain uniformity and evenness. Apart from this, the employees might try to present their inner ideas and information in front of all so as to enhance the quality of the product lines of the organization. Only then, the range of customers might get enhanced resulting in amplification of the entire turnover and net income of the organization (Empire Ltd) in this competitive market. Introduction The main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate the importance of organizational culture. Other than this, the report also evaluates the ways by which human resources get influenced by culture of the organization. Side by side, the ways by which organizational socialisation is affected by the culture. To analyse all these crucial parts, the report is divided into five parts including literature review, data collection methods, finding and discussion along with a conclusion. Culture i s described as a sort of social glue that helps an individual to behave within an organization or society. Along with this, culture of an individual gets highly affected by the norms, beliefs, rules, regulations and attitudes attained from the ancestors. Due to which, the behaviour and thinking power of an individual widely varies from one individual to another. Thus, it might be stated that culture is a distinctive pattern of shared beliefs, values and norms that helps in shaping socialization, practices and rules of a specific group. However, it is the culture or attitude of an individual that helps in holding a group or community of individual together (Bratton & et. al. 2006, p. 234-267). Literature Review According to the author Bratton, organizational culture is described as a set of beliefs, values and assumptions that helps in the employees to tackle or handle any specific situation. It is the organizational culture that helps in enhancing the potential and devotion of the e mployees towards work. As a result, it helps in improving the performance of the employees thereby amplifying the total turnover and profit margin of the organization. Other than this, it also acts as a sense of certainty that helps an individual to deal or handle the challenging situations of the environment. Apart from this, organization culture also acts as a controlling mechanism that helps in presenting desired behaviour so as to maintain a uniformity and consistency within the concern. This might help an organization to retain its human resources for longer period of time resulting in improvement of its sustainability and competitiveness in the market among other rivals. Side by side, it also assists in maintaining a stable organization thereby fulfilling strategic goals and objectives. So, it is the organizational culture that helps an organization to expand its portfolio in the market among other competitors (Buchanan & Huczynski 2007, pp. 4-8). Hence, it might be depicted t hat organizational culture presents a sense of identity to the employees that enhances their willpower and dedication towards the responsibilities. Such type of organizational culture is also viewed within the organization of Empire Ltd and also among its employees. So, in spite of being such a small one, it holds a sustainable position in the market amo

Spacetime Structure Implications from Quantum Mechanics

Spacetime Structure Implications from Quantum Mechanics Spacetime Structure Implications from Quantum Mechanics and Relativity Abstract Some idea proposed in the recent Penroses Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) is discussed in this paper. In CCC it is argued that the concept of time looses its meaning in a Universe filled solely with zero rest-mass particles (i.e. photons and gravitons). This particular idea is discussed, because at least conceptually it can have some implication on our understanding of spacetime and a role of rest-mass. Relativity was a great revolution in our understanding of space and time, sometimes leading to paradoxes. Quantum Mechanics introduced quanta of energy. It occurs that the existence of the minimum quanta of energy can has a strong implication on the spacetime structure. abstract should include at the max. 250 words. The abstract should give readers concise and correct information about the material of the article. It indicates what methodology you have used for your results and how you are concluding these results. The abstract should be restricted into a single paragraph with Times New Roman with Font Size 10, with proper justification. Keywords: quantum mechanics; general relativity; conformal cyclic cosmology Introduction Einsteins Relativity theory has been experimentally verified very thoroughly and also Quantum Mechanics predictions are experimentally very well checked. The philosophical or physical interpretation of mathematical equations of Relativity is commonly accepted. However Quantum Mechanics is a very good working operating tool, whereas the interpretation differs widely amongst physicist and philosophers (outlook of various interpretations can be found e.g. in [2]). Basing on the recent Penroses cosmological proposal [9] it seems that some implications to our understanding of spacetime can be derived from principles and as consequences of Relativity and Plancks law. It can also lead to a specific interpretation of a wave function in Quantum Physics. The Penroses selected idea will be presented at first. Then some considerations influenced by this idea will be discussed. Problems with time measurement In [9] Penrose states that in a spacetime filled solely by photons and gravitons no clock can be built (Only the fact that rest-mass is zero is important. Therefore in the rest of this paper only photons will be discussed. Anywhere in the text when a photon is discussed it is important that it is a particle with zero rest-mass.). In order to have any clock a massive particle is needed. A stable massive particle â€Å"ticks† with the specific frequency (It can be derived by combining Plancks formula and Einsteins formula . Detailed discussion is in [9].). (1) . So when there is no massive particles a spacetime looses its metric structure and only the conformal structure remains. On the other hand the black hole evaporation process (known as Hawking radiation) [5] may lead the Universe to such a state in a very long time. Simply speaking if the Universe will be expanding (and therefore cooling) then after some time the background will be cooler than all black holes. Of course the infinite expansion is assumed. There are however some objections, because there may be some matter left, not collapsed to black holes. E.g. some lonely massive particles can resist. Penrose discuses both possibilities: some highly hypothetical process of loosing mass in a very long period and implications of an event horizon. It is not a scope of this paper to discus it more thoroughly. Only to state that a spacetime filled only with zero restmass particles is physically interesting, reasonable and possible. Penrose argument that in such a spacetime no time measurement can be done (and only conformal structure remains) seems true [3, 11]. Briefly â€Å"one can dispense with the geodesics neither of test particles nor of light rays in measurement process† [6]. More discussion on this topic can be found e.g. in [10]. In this paper it is assumed that Penroses proposal is true and if spacetime is filled with zero rest-mass particles or massive particles which cannot influence each other due to event horizon the n time cannot be measured in such a spacetime. Possible consequences of this statement will be discussed. Proper time of a photon, the Observability Principle and tiling a spacetime Let us consider a spacetime filled only with zero rest-mass particles. From Special Relativity it is known that any of such a particle â€Å"feels† no proper time. For example no time passes for a photon between its emission from the Sun and its absorbing on the Earth. Time passes e.g. for people on the Earth, but no time passes for a photon. Sticking to the Observability Principle, which means that anything which cannot be observed does also not exist [7, 8], one can say that for a photon both events take place at the same time (Because time difference between leaving the Sun and coming on the Earth, such as for the people on the Earth, does not exist for a photon and is not observed by a photon.). It means that no time passes in the Universe filled only by zero rest-mass particles just as Penrose concluded in [9]. For the sake of clarity such a Universe will be called a Penroses Universe further in this paper. Fig. 1: To distinguish between different configurations time is needed. In case of no time (inability to measure time) one can say that all possible configurations happen at the same time. Or simply each particle is at the same time in all possible places. It seems important to present some consideration here (which was not stated by Penrose). From the above paragraph it can be concluded that different configurations can be realised in the same time. Here a time is understood as an internal property of a Penroses Universe. The meaning of adjective internal will be clarified throughout the rest of this paper. Of course we are used to measure time for example by comparing configurations of objects (e.g. distance proportions between parts of them, etc.). When we see an egg on a table and next we see smashed egg on the same table we guess that a time has passed. In sake of clarity in a Universe filled with photons solely we should distinct between configurations (able to happen at the same internal time) and events (which happen one after another due to the order of the arrow of time). In a Penroses Universe configurations are possible, but events are excluded by the definitions. So in a Penroses Universe each possible configuration takes place in the same (internal) time. Equivalently they just take place simultaneously. (If there is no time it can be said that everything happens at the same time.) If one considers all possible configurations in a Penroses Universe, one can equivalently say that each zero restmass particle is everywhere at the same (internal) time (Let us notice that we may omit internal because if it is assumed that nothing exists except a particular Penroses Universe then any other reference for some other â€Å"time† cannot exist.). Of course the fact that a photon â€Å"feels† no time when passing from A to B i.e. that it has zero proper time does not imply that it is therefore everywhere in spacetime and, in particular, it does not mean that it is â€Å"simultaneously† on all possible paths between A and B. Indeed, in relativity theory, light moves on well-defined null geodesics. What I am trying to emhasise is that without massive particles it is impossible to discriminate these geodesics [3] and therefore (actually this is the crucial step) following the Observability Principle we identify all situations that are undistinguishable. It may be concluded that this is somehow similar to rather commonly agreed thought that the reality emerges only in relation to the results of measurements. Fig. 2: In A there is no massive particle. In B there are some. Time exists internally in B. A is a tiny Penroses Universe without time (as far as no interaction with B happens). A (global) time for which we can treat A as Penroses Universe is measured in B, because in A no time exists. It means that on A+B there is a time. Such a picture is not valid in our Universe because efficient clocks exist in it. The apparent contradiction occurs only because we imagine a Penroses Universe from the external point of view (experiencing the flow of the time). If we imagine that nothing exists except a Penroses Universe we would not have to use internal to describe time. Simply no device to measure time flow would exist. Now let us think about a spacetime as a manifold (as in General Relativity). One living in the spacetime approximates the global structure of the whole manifold by observing his neighbourhood. However locally there is no â€Å"absolute time† as Relativity states. Consider now a small tiny part of the Universe (an open subset in the manifold). The Universe is filled by both zero and non zero rest-mass particles (as our Universe we live in). But locally we can find small parts of it which are filled solely by photons. We can treat each such a part as a Penroses Universe as far as no interaction with any massive particle takes place. It is due to previous considerations. We can say that no time passes inside such a part as far as no event takes place. It is understood that events take place in the global Universe. And by the event we mean here some act of interaction between a part being a Penroses Universe and a part of the global Universe possessing at least one non zero rest-m ass particle. Then these two parts can be treated as one part (being then not a Penroses Universe). In other words let us find in our Universe as much as possible very small Penroses photon filled local Universes. These small Universes differ from Penroses one big Universe by the fact that they can be treated as such only as far as they do not interact with some massive part. The idea of tiling the spacetime manifold is sketched on pictures. Fig. 3: An interaction happened from part B to part A. A is no longer a Penroses Universe. Fig. 4: Such a timeless Universe cannot be divided into a massive parts and Penroses Universe parts. No matter how we would tile this Universe each component has no time. In a Penroses Universe it is unclear how the different configurations (spacetime paths) are to be defined. Indeed, just as there is no time measure, so there is no spatial measure (with which one can distinguish, for instance the distance between points on two different paths). Therefore due to the Observability Principle particles in such a universe are as if they were everywhere at the same time. What is needed to talk about any time order is an interaction with some massive particles. Only then e.g. before and after are sensible notions. Discussion on the Double Slit Experiment In the famous doubleslit experiment a photon seems to pass through both slits at the same time. Therefore a wave function has been introduced, because a particle behave as if it were a wave. However if one tries to localise through which slit a particle actually passes, interference image is erased and a particle behaves as a corpuscle. Therefore one says about corpuscular-wave dualism. But due to considerations in previous paragraph one should also be able to say that a photon really passes through both slits (because no time passes for a photon, so two event take place for a photon at the same time). And what is called a collapse of a wave function is just a choosing of a particular path out of all possible. Such a measurement is however possible only if non zero rest-mass is involved. It is known that as a particle becomes more massive quantum properties are less clear and lighter particles behaves more like a waves (photons, electrons). The ability to measure time interval can al so be seen from Eq. (1). In such an interpretation a wave function is not an abstract existence in observer mind. It is a physical being. But as such should somehow depend not only on a particle but also on a spacetime in which is considered. Summarising Relativity Einstein once strongly criticised any physical concept which is â€Å"independent in its physical properties, having a physical effect, but not itself influenced by physical conditions† [4]. Just a proposed interpretation of a wave function should therefore be justified if this wave function interacts with spacetime. Basing on General Relativity we know that the spacetime is influenced by gravitation. So the first simple test for the new interpretation is to check whether gravitation changes a wave function. Fortunately such an experiment was done. Firstly neutron beam was scattered into two beams: each influenced by the same gravitational field. Secondly the whole apparatus was placed in a way that after scattering the gravitational fields for the first beam and for the second beam were different. By examining the interference pattern it was observed that the quantum-mechanical phase shift of neutrons is caused by their interaction with Earths gravitational field [1]. One can then also speculate that the gravitational field influences a wave function. It can be objected that the proposed explanation of quantum mechanics is contradicted by the conservation of the energy. A particle really going thorough all possible paths would do infinite work. It is not true in the proposed scheme. No procedure could measure such an energy, because those trips take places in a part of a spacetime where no useful time concept exists. If time is immeasurable then the particle can do the work needed to go through all possible paths. However immediately when a working clock is used, a particular path is localised an the energy conservation is saved. It can also be seen from this argument that the Feynmans Path Integral approach is the most natural formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Conclusions The presented arguments lead to the specific interpretation of quantum mechanics. Conceptually the presented considerations show that one can find some guide towards Quantum Physics starting from Relativity and Plancks law. Especially Feynmans Path Integral Formulation emerges in nice way. Some further implication to Cosmology occurs. The Universe filled solely with zero rest-mass particles should be treated as in a superposition state of all possible states. Occurrence of strictly positive masses not separated by event horizon would give the origin to time and states being in a superposition can be reduced to a particular state. It advocates the concept of the Universe wave function. In a black hole singularity time stops and mass density is infinite as is known from Relativity. If one would look at a singularity from the presented point of view one could say that mass density is infinite only for external observer. Because only such an observer has a meaningful concept of time. Infinite density occurs as a consequence of localising all in-falling particles in a point. However as it was explained in the paper if time stops, all particles can occupy the same point in the same â€Å"time† (which exists only for external observer). A possibility of application of the presented scheme will be explored in the future research.

Behavioral Learning Theories Applied

Behavioral Learning theories Applied Education is quite the central focus in our current society. As the economy advances, education becomes of greater importance and our student’s future is strongly dependent on their educational opportunities. As many theorists have proven, there is no one way of teaching that targets an entire audience. Instead, every child has their own unique learning style that they respond best to. Any educator that takes on the responsibility of teaching must familiarize themselves with the different approaches so they observe the â€Å"No child left behind† act and fulfill their duty as a teacher. The many different approaches to learning include Behavioral, Social Cognitive, Information Processing, Constructivist, and Brain-based. The behavioral approach is concerned primarily with measureable and observable aspects of human behavior (Good & Brophy, 1990). Behavioral learning theories focus on the ways in which pleasurable or unpleasant consequences of behavior change individuals’ behavior over time and ways in which individual model their behavior on that of others (Slavin 2006). The emphasis is put on responses to experiences, especially reinforcement and punishment, as determinants of learning and behavior. The 4 prominent behaviorist and key players in the development of the behaviorist theory, that I like to relate to, were Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner. Pavlov’s main interest was physiology but it was the Classical Conditioning theory that made him so famous. Classical Conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Both Thorndike and Skinner- although differently expressed- delved into the formulation of Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learning methodology that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. An association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior through operant conditioning. Skinner’s theory of Operant conditioning basically explains how we acquire our range of learned behaviors that we exhibit. If an individual’s behavior is immediately followed by pleasurable consequences, the individual will engage in that behavior more frequently (Slavin, pg. 137). The relationship between the behavior and its consequences is what later a learned behavior becomes. Skinner mentions reinforcement, punishment, extinction and rewards as the mechanisms for his theory. All of these responses have a time and place where its effectiveness is at its peak. Knowing our students, knowing ourselves, knowing the situation, and knowing what we want our outcome to be will help us determine which approach to use. As maintained by the above behaviorists, our behaviors change in accordance to the immediate reaction/consequence. These immediate reactions are the secret weapon that teachers should master for optimal success in the classroom. A teacher can observe and take note of the various responses her students respond best to. A teacher should constantly be asking herself â€Å"What serves as a motivation or reinforcement for this particular student to do well†? â€Å"Does the student utilize the Expectancy Theory†? The theory of motivation is based upon the belief that people’s efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward, or do they lean towards achievement motivation; the tendency to strive for success and to choose goal oriented, success/failure activities? There are countless responses that can work to motivate our students. Although some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, many need that extra motivational factor to help them with their studies. Psychologists define motivation as an internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior over time (Murphy & Alexander, 2000; Pintrich, 2003; Schunk, 2000; Stipek, 2002. ) As a student, I was often motivated to do especially good work when I felt the teacher doubted my capabilities. I practiced the quote â€Å"I do it because I can, I can because I want to, I want to because you said I couldn't†. That really pushed me to do well. It may have been a childish but it worked for me. Personally, I had a hard time doing well under reinforcements be it negative or positive. The lack of consistency and the time lapse between the action and response never worked for me. If I were to utilize a token system or any other system (I. E. praise, charts etc.. ) I would review the pros and cons very carefully. I feel that employing such methods carelessly can produce destructive results. Observing a second grade class, I noticed the teacher exercising very harsh consequences to eliminate behaviors. Indeed, her classroom was always spotless, and quiet. The student did not dare misbehave or not know their work for fear of punishment. Ultimately, these students lived in fear. They disliked the teacher, they disliked learning, and whatever they did learn was just to avoid punishment. Were they motivated to behave? Indeed. They were afraid of the consequences. Was the atmosphere an optimal learning environment? Most definitely not! It was at that point that I understood that employing Behavioral Learning Theories do not always produce favorable results. When I was a short term substitute teacher, I had the opportunity to visit many classrooms over the period of a few months. When I entered the classroom with an air about myself and dressed well, the students automatically received the initial dose of motivation to behave and to please. I then continue to hold their interest by teaching in an unconventional manner or in any way that they are unaccustomed to. Teaching unconventionally is fairly simple in one of the schools I substitute. The simplicity of the teaching style has not changed from 20 years ago. The teachers use the same old text-books, they practice â€Å"one teaching style fit all† methodology, just one teacher for the entire class, etc. When I enter a class, I ask them to rearrange their chairs so they are sitting in a semi-circle or in groups depending on the lesson. As the lesson continues, I try to avoid giving extrinsic motivation unless I feel the absolute need. I try to make the actual lesson the incentive. I praise after inquisitive questions and seem genuinely happy with correct responses. It’s an aura that a teacher needs to create that will infuse a sense of ‘wanting to do well’, most frequently by the desire to please. I have frequently observed many teachers successfully pair less desired behavior with desired behaviors for great results which is referred to as the Premack Principle (Premack, 1965). One incident stands out in my mind when a third grade teacher told a student that if he completes his homework, he will be able to remove his name from the â€Å"completed homework† sign outside the classroom. The teacher explained to me, that this particular student dislikes the fact that his name is up on the board, so she pairs doing homework with the favorable act of removing his name. Having his name on the board was supposed to be a reinforcement for doing homework, however Slavin mentions that if the behavior does not increase or decrease in frequency with the reinforcement than it is not necessarily a reinforcement (Slavin, 143). Behavioral Learning Theories are quite established and they are useful in changing behaviors. It is important to acknowledge however, that the theory has its limitation. Mainly, because of its focus on observable behaviors, other more abstract and conceptual learning remains unspoken. However, Social Learning theory helps bridge the gap between the behavioral and cognitive prospective (Slavin, pg 159). —————————————————————————————————————————— Appendix: 1)Slavin, R. E. (2006). Educational psychology: Theory and practice (8th ed. ). Boston: Pearson. 2)Premack, D. (1965). Reinforcement theory. In D. Levine, Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: Univeristy of Nebraska Press.

Behavioral Management in the Developmentally Disabled

This paper will dwell on the behavioral management for the developmentally challenged individual. This paper seeks to provide a general understanding on how the on how clients with developmental disabilities are improve with regard to their conditions.Therefore, the following will be discussed: †¢ The process of Occupational Therapist in modifying behavioral development of disabled person; †¢ Techniques employed to assist the developmentally challenged individual;†¢ Way used by the Occupational Therapist to help a disabled individual write; and †¢ Identify the techniques and tools used by the Occupational Therapist in behavioral management for developmentally challenged individual. Moreover, this paper will focus in two developmental disabilities that exist today in the society. More specifically these are autism and dyslexia. Functions of Occupational Therapist There are four functions of occupational therapists.First, they are ask to put into application the kno wledge, skills and abilities they have acquired in their years of training in the academe for the benefit of enabling people to live normal lives and immerse themselves with the daily tasks (â€Å"A Definition of Occupational Therapy,† n. d. ). Second, is to assist, maintain, regain and enhance the independence of an individual who is ill, injured, disabled and psychologically impaired (â€Å"A Definition of Occupational Therapy,† n. d. ).Third, engage the relatives of the client and other people who are connected such as the caregiver (â€Å"A Definition of Occupational Therapy,† n. d. ). This can be achieved through comprehensive assessment and therapy with the goal of increasing the capacity of client to participate in daily activities (â€Å"A Definition of Occupational Therapy,† n. d. ). Lastly, to accordingly deal with the problems of the client by focusing on three things: ability to accomplish, undertakings of the client and the environment where the undertakings are performed (â€Å"A Definition of Occupational Therapy,† n.d. ). Meaning of Autism Autism, also classified as classical Autism is considered as the most prevalent condition amongst the family of Autism Spectrum Disorder or better known as ASD (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 2006). One can discern Autism through the following symptoms: a) â€Å"impaired social interaction,† b) â€Å"problems with verbal and nonverbal communication,† and c) â€Å"unusual, repetitive, or severely limited activities and interests† (NINDS, 2006).In addition to this, the cluster of Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD includes other conditions. These are – a) â€Å"Asperger syndrome,† b) â€Å"Rett syndrome,† c) â€Å"childhood disintegrative disorder,† and d) â€Å"pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (usually referred to as PDD-NOS)† (NINDS, 2006). Statistics shows that in every 1000 children three to six will be affected by autism (NINDS, 2006) Furthermore, Men are four times more prone or at risk of acquiring such behavioral disorder like autism than women.(NINDS, 2006) Meaning of Dyslexia Dyslexia, pronounced as dis-lek-see-uh is a type of learning disorder that some of the children encounter that impairs their ability to read and spell (â€Å"Dyslexia,† n. d. ). What may seem C-A-T to normal people would appear A-C-T to dyslexic individuals. It is not a measure of whether a child is intelligent or not but is rather an impairment of the brain (â€Å"Dyslexia,† n. d. ). In fact, a number clever and gifted people are suffering from dyslexia (â€Å"Dyslexia,† n. d. ).In the United States, the condition is classified as a â€Å"specific learning disability† or as a â€Å"specific reading disability† by the related federal legal statutes that has special education in its scope (Allington, 2006) However, the main idea o f all these explanations comprises the indeterminable hardships encountered by a dyslexic individual when it comes to reading. Moreover, there is no consensus with regard to the definition of the illness that causes the stakeholders confusion that renders them not to use the term (Allington, 2006).Behavioral Management and Techniques in Autism There are three behavioral management and techniques used by the occupational Therapist in able to develop and assist their clients that are suffering from Autism. These are all aimed at a holistic approach to treating the symptoms and addressing the difficulties that come with it. The three techniques are discussed in the next section. Educational/behavioral interventions Occupational Therapists use well reliable and thorough skill-oriented exercises in able to help their client enhance their language and social capabilities.Counseling the relatives and the family of the their client is better a technique to assist the entire clan deal with t he specific obstacles and difficulties in taking care of the autistic client (NINDS, 2006). Medications Occupational therapist could as well seek for the help of a doctor. A medical doctor usually recommends an antidepressant prescription in able to deal with the symptoms of a) â€Å"anxiety,† b) â€Å"depression,† or â€Å"obsessive-compulsive disorder† (NINDS, 2006). In a sense, these Anti-psychotic medicines are helpful to lessen the burden brought about by the symptoms of behavioral disabilities (NINDS, 2006).Attacks, on the other hand, can be prevented with the administration of variety of doses anticonvulsant medicines (NINDS, 2006). Prescription of stimulant drug that is specifically given for the children suffering from the attention deficit disorder or better known as ADD is an effective technique used by the Occupational Therapists to cut down the incident impulsivity and hyperactivity (NINDS, 2006). Other therapies Controversies abound the therapies t hat are formulated to treat autistic children (NINDS, 2006).This has made the use such be attached with caution before these are adopted by the parents or guardians (NINDS, 2006). Furthermore, an insignificant number of these are backed up with thorough scientific research (NINDS, 2006). Writing for the developmentally disabled individual Therapeutic Sessions for autism With the aim of teaching the developmentally challenged person it is important to have focus and patience together with appropriate learning strategies that will help the disabled individual in writing and learning process.Likewise, it is necessary to conduct follow up sessions with the therapist and at home with the help of the parents and other relatives. Behavioral Management and Techniques in Dyslexia According to website article, a recent game was developed with the purpose of helping children and other individuals cope with the difficulty they suffer from reading (Briggs, 2001). In the study, a group of seven-y ear-old children served as the respondents of the study and this resulted to a positive outcome for the research on reading difficulties (Briggs, 2001).The game included activities that require the respondents to match certain shapes to particular sounds (Briggs, 2001). They are asked to press a space bar after a series of sequences and then they will be greeted with a smile (Briggs, 2001). This resulted in higher rates of accuracy and an increase in the speed of reading for the 24 children who are diagnosed to have dyslexia (Briggs, 2001). Conclusion The role of the occupational therapist is a four-fold task. This is aimed towards uplifting the condition of the client.It is the aim of the occupational therapist is to be able to address the needs of the client and the chance to fulfill their responsibilities. There are different ways by which the therapist could help the clients in making their lives better through these techniques. It has become a better way of making people live a fulfilling life. These are different techniques of writing such as video games. References A Definition of Occupational Therapy. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://steinhardt. nyu. edu/ot/definitionAllington, R. (2006). â€Å"Dyslexia. † In Microsoft ® Student 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Briggs, H. (2001). Computer game helps dyslexics. Retrieved July 05, 2008, from http://www. dyslexia-teacher. com/t113. html. Dyslexia. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://kidshealth. org/kid/health_problems/learning_problem/dyslexia. html National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS]. (2006). Autism Fact Sheet. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://www. ninds. nih. gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism. htm